[English][Article] Climate Change 2

* Rewriting news articles

 

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-66753909

Climate change: UN calls for radical changes to stem warming

 

 

No country is named and shamed in this report, which considers the collective approach to tackling the problem.

 

1. "Shamed"는 '부끄러움을 주다', '창피를 주다' 등의 의미를 가진 동사입니다. 이 문장에서 "named and shamed"은 한 표현으로, 특정한 사람이나 조직을 비난하거나 그들의 잘못된 행동을 공개적으로 드러내는 것을 의미합니다.
   • 한국어 뜻: 창피를 주다, 부끄럽게 하다
   • 영어 동의어: humiliate, disgrace
   • 간단한 영어 설명: To make someone feel ashamed or embarrassed, often by publicly criticizing or highlighting their mistakes or wrongdoings.
2. "Collective"는 '공동의', '집단적인' 등의 의미를 가진 형용사입니다. 여러 사람이나 조직이 함께 작업하거나 어떤 목표를 달성하기 위해 노력하는 것을 나타냅니다.
   • 한국어 뜻: 집단적인, 공동의
   • 영어 동의어: joint, communal, cooperative
   • 간단한 영어 설명: Done by people acting as a group or done by all members of a group for a common goal.

 

Much progress has been made, the document acknowledges, but the global rise in temperatures predicted for this century is still well above what was promised in Paris.

 

Keeping to those goals will now require a significant uptick in ambition according to the stocktake, whick calls for widespread 'system transformation'.

 

1. "Uptick in ambition" refers to an increase or rise in ambition, determination, or the will to achieve something.
   • 한국어 뜻: 야망의 증가
   • Synonym: Increase in determination, boost in aspiration
   • Simple explanation: It means that there is a need for a greater level of ambition or desire to reach certain goals. In the context of your sentence, it suggests that more ambitious actions are required to stick to the set goals according to the stocktake.

 

 

This means that every aspect of our societies need to change to rein in rising temperatures.

 

1. "Rein" is a term that originates from horse riding. Reins are the long, narrow straps attached to the mouthpiece of a horse, which riders hold and pull to control the horse's speed and direction.

In a metaphorical sense, as used in your sentence, "to rein in" means to limit or control something that is increasing or getting out of control.

• 한국어 뜻: 제어하다
• Synonym: Control, restrain, check
• Simple explanation: It refers to limiting or controlling an increase or expansion of something. In this context, it suggests controlling or limiting the rise in temperatures.

 

 

This includes the way we make energy, the way we travel, work and produce food. Experts say this type of change needs governments to take the initiative and make sure that their climate actions aren't immediately nullified by other policies and investments.

 

1. "Initiative" refers to the action of taking the first step or move in a process, often involving leadership or a proactive stance. It's about making things happen rather than waiting for them to happen.
   • 한국어 뜻: 주도권, 첫걸음
   • Synonym: Leadership, proactiveness
   • Simple explanation: It is the act of taking charge, leading, or making the first move towards something.
2. The phrase "nullified by other policies and investments" means that actions taken for climate change could be rendered ineffective or void due to other policies and investments that counteract them. For example, if a government enacts policies to reduce carbon emissions but at the same time invests heavily in coal industries (which are known for high carbon emissions), these contradictory actions could nullify each other's effects—essentially cancelling out any progress made towards combating climate change. In Korean translation it might be expressed as "다른 정책과 투자에 의해 무효화되다".

 

 

"One could also see the call for system transformations as a recognition that, while we still can, we should take our destiny in our own hands," said Dr Richard Klein from the Stockholm Environment Institute, who was involved in the initial stages of the stocktake.

 

This sentence is suggesting that the demand or call for systemic transformations (major changes to the way things are currently done) is a recognition of our ability and responsibility to shape our own future.

In other words, it means that people are recognizing the need for significant changes in our systems (such as economic, political, or environmental systems), and this recognition comes from an understanding that we have the power to influence these systems and therefore determine our own fate.

 

The phrase "while we still can" implies urgency - it suggests that there is a window of opportunity now, but this may not always be the case. It's like saying "we should act now while we still have control over the situation".

 

The phrase "take our destiny in our own hands" means to take control of our own future rather than leaving it up to external forces or circumstances. It's about actively shaping what happens next.

 

So putting it all together: The call for system transformations is being seen as an acknowledgment that we should act now to shape our future while we still have the chance.

 

 

"Either we transform society in a way that avoids the worst of climate change, or climate change will transform society for us, in ways that are difficult of foresee but likely not to be very pleasant."

 

This sentence is saying: "We have two choices. One choice is that we change our society to prevent the worst effects of climate change. The other choice is to let climate change make changes to our society. These changes would be hard to predict but they are likely not going to be good."

 

In simpler terms, it's saying: "We can either change ourselves to avoid bad climate effects, or let the bad climate effects force us into changes that we probably won't like."

 

# Either

 

The word "either" is used to introduce the first of two alternatives. In the sentence you provided, "Either we transform society in a way that avoids the worst of climate change, or climate change will transform society for us," it's being used to present two possible outcomes or scenarios.

Here are some examples of how "either" can be used in sentences:

1. "Either you finish your homework, or you're not going out tonight."
   • This means that if you don't finish your homework, you won't be allowed to go out tonight.
2. "You can either stay here with me or go home."
   • This means that there are two options: staying here with me or going home.
3. "He said he'd either call me tonight or tomorrow morning."
   • This means that he will call at one of two times: tonight or tomorrow morning.

In all these examples, "either" is used to present the first option in a pair of possibilities.

 

# , in way that

 

The phrase ", in ways that ~" is used to specify or describe how something happens or is done. It often introduces a relative clause that provides additional information about the manner, method, or degree of the action described in the main clause.

 

Here are some examples:

1. "He expressed his feelings in ways that words cannot describe."
   • This means he showed his feelings so deeply or uniquely that you can't explain it with words.
2. "The pandemic has changed our lives, in ways that we could not have imagined a year ago."
   • This means the pandemic has altered our lives in unexpected and unimaginable manners.
3. "She helps her community, in ways that go beyond simple volunteering."
   • This means she supports her community not just by volunteering but also through other meaningful actions.

In all these sentences, ", in ways that ~" provides more detail about how the action (expressing feelings, changing lives, helping community) is performed.

 

# difference between 'in ways that' and ', in ways that'

 

The phrase "in ways that" is used to describe how something happens or is done. The comma before ", in ways that" is often used in writing to indicate a pause, similar to how we might pause when speaking. The comma can also be used to separate this phrase from the rest of the sentence, making it clear that it's providing additional information about the action described in the main clause.

 

Here are two examples:

1. "She helps her community, in ways that go beyond simple volunteering."
2. "She helps her community in ways that go beyond simple volunteering."

Both sentences mean exactly the same thing: she supports her community not just by volunteering but also through other meaningful actions. The difference is purely stylistic and depends on whether you want a pause (indicated by the comma) or not.

In some cases, however, omitting or including a comma can change the meaning of a sentence slightly due to different readings of where information applies. For example:

1. "I ate pizza with olives, my favorite food."
2. "I ate pizza with olives my favorite food."

In the first sentence (with comma), it's clear that pizza is your favorite food; while in second sentence (without comma), it could be read as saying olives are your favorite food.

But for your specific question regarding ", in ways that" versus "in ways that", both versions have essentially identical meanings and which one you use mostly comes down to personal style and preference.

 

The report makes a clear call for the rapid scaling up of renewable energy sources including wind and solar but also says that fossil fuels that don't capture the carbon they produce have no future. The stocktake says that these are "indispensable elements" of a just transition to net zero by the middle of this century.

 

Electric vehicles "offer the greatest mitigation potential" in the transport sector, according to the report which also underlines the fact that shifting to climate friendly, healthy diets, reducing food waste and fostering sustainable agriculture can make a significant difference to limiting emissons.

 

1. The exact meaning of 'mitigation': Mitigation, in the context of climate change, refers to efforts to reduce or prevent emission of greenhouse gases. It can also involve actions to enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (i.e., forests and other ecosystems that absorb CO2 from the atmosphere).

• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "완화" 또는 "감축"
• Synonym: Alleviation, reduction, diminution
• Simple explanation: Mitigation is about taking action to decrease the severity, seriousness or painfulness of something. In terms of climate change, it means doing things that will reduce harmful emissions or increase the amount of greenhouse gases we're able to absorb from the atmosphere.

The stocktake also examines efforts on climate adaptation and finance, something that has been a constant source of anger for developing countries. It calls for a rapid scaling up of finance from an expanded range of sources.

 

The idea of stocktake is to ensure that the next set of plans to cut carbon that governments register with the UN in 2025 will be more ambitious that the current ones.

 

However the report will also form the basis of discussion a the COP28 global resistance from several major oil producing nations.

 

UN Officials believe  the stocktake report will increase the pressure for a major statement at COP28.

 

"I urge governments to carefully study the finding of the report and ultimately understand what it means for them and the ambitious action they must take next," said Simon Stiell, Executive secretary of UN Climate Change.

Observers agree that the document is a wake-up call.

 

• A wake-up call" is an idiomatic expression in English. It refers to an event or situation that alerts people to a problem and makes them realize they need to take action.
•  
• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "일깨움" 또는 "경각심을 주는 일"
• Synonym: Alarm, warning, alert
• Simple explanation: A "wake-up call" is something that draws attention to a problem or issue that was previously ignored or not fully understood. It's like an alarm clock for your awareness—it "wakes up" people to realize the seriousness of a situation and often prompts them to take action. In the context of your sentence, it means observers agree this document should make everyone aware of a serious issue or problem.

 

"We already know the world is failing to meet its climate goals, but leaders now have a concrete blueprint underpinned by a mountain of evidence for how to get the job done," said Ani Dasgupta from the World Resources Institute.

 

1. "Underpinned" means to support or strengthen something, to provide a basis or foundation for it.

• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "지지하다", "기반을 제공하다"
• Synonym: Support, bolster, reinforce
• One sentence explanation: "Underpinned" refers to providing support or a solid foundation for an idea, argument, or structure.

1. "A mountain of" is an idiomatic expression that means a large amount of something.

• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "많은 양의", "산더미의"
• Synonym: A lot of, heaps of, tons of
• One sentence explanation: When you say you have 'a mountain of' something, it means you have a very large quantity or amount of it.