[English] Additional questions 09/11/23

[Reading]

 

# eclectic

• English Meaning: "Eclectic" refers to selecting or borrowing from various sources, styles, or ideas rather than adhering to a single specific approach or system.
• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "절충적인", "다양한 것을 선택하는"
• One sentence explanation: Eclectic describes someone or something that draws inspiration, ideas, or elements from diverse sources and does not limit itself to a single style or ideology.
• Synonyms: Diverse, varied, multifaceted, heterogeneous
• Example sentence: The interior design of the house was eclectic, featuring a mix of antique furniture, modern artwork, and vibrant colors from different cultures.

 

# come to light

• English Meaning: "Come to light" means to be revealed, discovered, or brought into knowledge or awareness.
• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "밝혀지다", "알려지다"
• One sentence explanation: When something comes to light, it means that it becomes known or uncovered after being hidden, secret, or unknown.
• Synonyms: Surface, emerge, be disclosed, be uncovered
• Example sentence: The truth about the scandal finally came to light after an extensive investigation by the authorities.

 

 

# Whenever a new geological find reveals a different group of fossils

In the given sentence, "whenever" is used as a conjunction to introduce a conditional clause. It means "every time that" or "on any occasion that".

 

So, the phrase "Whenever a new geological find reveals a different group of fossils" means "Every time a new geological find reveals a different group of fossils". It indicates that the action or event in the main clause happens each and every time the condition specified in the subordinate clause (a new geological find revealing a different group of fossils) occurs.

 

# This is attributed to a mass extinction or catastrophe whereby the older speices was wiped out

1. "Is attributed to": This phrase means that something is believed to be the cause or origin of a certain event, effect, or situation. In your sentence, it indicates that the mass extinction or catastrophe is considered the reason for a particular outcome.
2. "Whereby": This word is used to introduce a clause explaining the manner in which an effect happens or is brought about. In this context, it's introducing how the older species was wiped out (i.e., through a mass extinction or catastrophe).
3. "Wiped out": In this context, yes, it can be considered as synonymous with 'extinct'. It refers to the complete elimination of a species so that no members remain alive. The term 'wiped out' tends to have more dramatic connotations and can also refer to non-biological entities (like civilizations), whereas 'extinct' specifically refers to biological species.

 

# Whereby

"Whereby" is a formal word used to introduce a clause in which you explain the means by which something is done or happens. It essentially means "by which" or "through which".

 

Function: It's often used to define or clarify how something works, how an action is performed, or how a result is achieved.

Here are some example sentences:

1. They established a new system whereby all employees must submit their reports by the end of each month.
   • In this sentence, "whereby" introduces the method through which the new system operates.
2. The government has introduced measures whereby small businesses can apply for loans at reduced interest rates.
   • Here, "whereby" explains how these measures work for small businesses.
3. He devised a clever strategy whereby he could gain more customers without increasing his advertising budget.
   • In this case, "whereby" introduces the strategy that allows him to gain more customers.
4. She signed a contract whereby she agreed to complete the project within three months.
   • Here, "whereby" introduces what she agreed to in the contract.

Remember that while it's useful in certain formal and academic contexts, it can make your language sound overly complex in everyday conversation. There are usually simpler alternatives available (like 'in which', 'that', or 'so').

 

# Difference between 'whereby' and 'which'

"Which" and "whereby" are two different words that serve distinct functions in a sentence.

1. **Which**:
   - "Which" is a pronoun often used to introduce a relative clause and is commonly used to ask questions or provide additional information about a noun.
   - Example 1: "The book, which is on the table, is mine." (Here, "which" introduces a relative clause that provides additional information about the noun "book.")
   - Example 2: "Which car do you prefer?" (Here, "which" is used to ask a question about a choice among cars.)

2. **Whereby**:
   - "Whereby" is an adverb that is used to indicate a method or means by which something happens or is achieved.
   - Example 1: "We have implemented a new system whereby customers can order products online." (Here, "whereby" indicates the means or method by which customers can place orders.)
   - Example 2: "He devised a plan whereby we can save money." (In this case, "whereby" indicates the method or plan by which money can be saved.)

In summary, while both "which" and "whereby" are words used in English, they serve different grammatical functions. "Which" is a pronoun used for relative clauses or questions related to choices, while "whereby" is an adverb used to indicate the means or method by which something is accomplished. (And whereby is only used with complete sentences.)

 

# All species have existed unvaried since the moment the earth came to life.

= suggest that all species have reamained unchanged or constant since they first appeard on Earth.

 

# Pass on

• Similar Korean meaning: '전달하다', '사망하다' (context dependent)
• One sentence explanation: "Pass on" can mean to transmit information or items to someone, or it can also mean to die, depending on the context.
• Synonyms: For transmitting - convey, relay, hand down; for dying - depart, expire, die
• Example sentence:
  1. For transmitting - "Please pass on this message to your brother."
  2. For dying - "I'm sorry to hear that your grandfather passed on."

# calve

"Calve" is a verb that has a couple of different meanings, depending on the context:

1. In the context of animal reproduction, "calve" means to give birth to a calf.
   • Example: The cow calved in the early morning hours.
2. In the context of glaciers and icebergs, "calve" refers to when chunks of ice break off from the edge.
   • Example: The glacier calved a massive iceberg into the ocean.

Here are Korean translations for these meanings:

1. 소 등의 동물이 새끼를 낳다.
2. 빙하나 빙산이 일부를 떨어뜨리다.

 

# accession

"Accession" is a noun with a few related meanings:

1. The act of coming to high office or a position of power, like a throne or presidency.
   • Example: The king's accession to the throne was celebrated throughout the kingdom.
2. A new item added to an existing collection of books, paintings, or artifacts.
   • Example: The museum has a new accession, an original painting by Van Gogh.
3. Agreement or consent to a treaty or document.
   • Example: The country's accession to the international human rights agreement was seen as a positive step forward.

Here are Korean translations for these meanings:

1. 즉위하다, 직위에 오르다.
2. (도서관·박물관 등의) 신규 품목 추가.
3. (조약 등에 대한) 승인이나 동의.

 

# That is, they attempt to understand mutations at the molecure level and postulate that they arise when DNA is incorrectly translated from one organism to its offspring, wherein negative or positve effects are generated, the latter being more likely to help that animal or plant survive.

1. 'Wherein' is a formal word that means "in which" or "during which". It is used to introduce a clause that specifies the respect in which what was just mentioned is true or exists. In your sentence, it's used to specify the circumstance (DNA translation from one organism to its offspring) under which negative or positive effects are generated.
2. 'Postulate' means to suggest or assume the existence, fact, or truth of something as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief. In other words, it's like proposing an idea that you believe to be true but have not definitively proven.

1. Paraphrase = 

Scientists are trying to understand how mutations happen at the smallest level of life - the molecule. They believe these mutations occur when there's a mistake in passing DNA from a parent organism to its offspring. These mistakes can lead to changes that are either harmful or beneficial. The beneficial changes, however, are more likely to help the animal or plant survive better in its environment.

 

 

# pros and cons = negative and positive effects?

Yes, in a general sense, "pros and cons" and "negative or positive effects" can be considered the same. Both phrases are discussing the advantages (pros or positive effects) and disadvantages (cons or negative effects) of something.

However, context is important. "Pros and cons" is often used in more casual or decision-making contexts to weigh different options, while "negative or positive effects" is typically used in more formal or scientific contexts to discuss outcomes or impacts.

In your original sentence about genetic mutations, using "negative or positive effects are generated" fits well because it's a scientific context. But you could also use 'pros and cons' if you were discussing this topic in a less formal setting.

 

Synonyms for "pros and cons" could include:

• Advantages and disadvantages
• Benefits and drawbacks
• Strengths and weaknesses
• Upsides and downsides
• Pluses and minuses

These phrases all convey the idea of considering both the positive and negative aspects of something.

 

# It is believe that resulting genetic errors have pros and cons with the former aiding the survival of the species.

People think that the genetic mistakes that occur can have both positive and negative effects. The positive effects can actually help the species survive better.

 

[Listening]

 

# Who better to get help from than other architecture students?

The phrase "Who better to get help from than other architecture students?" is a rhetorical question used to suggest that other architecture students are the best source of help for someone (presumably an architecture student themselves). Paraphrased version: Is there anyone more suitable to seek assistance from than fellow architecture students?

 

# Getting into Lancaster would still not resolve your responsibilities under your current contract

The sentence "Getting into Lancaster would still not resolve your responsibilities under your current contract" means that even if you are accepted into Lancaster (which is likely referring to a university or a place), it does not absolve you from the obligations or duties you have under an existing agreement or contract.

 

So essentially, the statement is saying: being accepted into Lancaster doesn't automatically free you from what you're obligated to do according to your current contract.

# Nuance

A: But, well, there are lots of domesticated species that don't have such a rigid social structure. Um, take cows and horses. for example.
B: I can tell you didn't grow up on a farm

Q: In this conversation, is the sentence ' I can tell you didn't grow up on a farm' means 'the student has made an inaccurate statement' or 'The student lacks the relevant experience to make a claim'?

In this conversation, the sentence "I can tell you didn't grow up on a farm" implies that the student lacks the relevant experience to make a claim about cows and horses not having a rigid social structure. It suggests that growing up on a farm would provide firsthand knowledge or understanding of the social dynamics among these animals, which may differ from what the student has stated. It does not necessarily mean that the student's statement is inaccurate, but rather that their perspective may be limited due to their lack of farm experience.

 

# Voca

meaning of the 'jaw' and 'snout'

1. Jaw: The jaw is the lower part of a person's or animal's face that moves when they talk or eat. In humans, it is the bone structure that includes the chin and holds the lower teeth in place. In many animals, both upper and lower parts are termed as jaws.
2. Snout: The snout refers to the projecting nose and mouth of an animal, especially a mammal. It's typically used in reference to animals with long noses like pigs, dogs, or crocodiles. The term can refer to the entire front part of an animal’s head or just its nose area, depending on context.

So while "jaw" refers to a specific bone structure involved in eating and speaking (in humans), "snout" is more about describing a particular shape or feature of an animal's face.

1. Jaw: 이 부분은 한국어로 "턱"이라고 합니다.
2. Snout: 이 부분은 종류에 따라 다르게 번역될 수 있지만, 일반적으로 "코" 또는 "주둥이"라고 번역합니다. 특히 돼지의 주둥이를 지칭할 때는 '돼지 코'와 같은 표현을 사용하기도 합니다.