[English] Additional Questions 09/10/23

# He worked extra hours on the weekend to make up for his time off during the week.

 

In the sentence you provided, "make up" is a phrasal verb that means to compensate for something.

• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "보충하다", "대체하다"
• Synonym: Compensate, offset, counterbalance
• One sentence explanation: In this context, 'make up' means to do extra work at a later time in order to replace or compensate for work not done earlier.

 

# His theory postulates that all people have an innate sense of fairness.

 

In this sentence, "postulate" means to suggest or assume the existence, fact, or truth of something as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief.

• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "가정하다", "전제하다"
• Synonym: Assume, propose, hypothesize
• One sentence explanation: 'Postulate' means to suggest or assume something as a basic principle or starting point for further reasoning or discussion.

# Incite and expedite

 

1. "Incite" means to encourage or stir up (violent or unlawful behavior) or to urge or persuade someone to act in a violent or unlawful way.

• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "선동하다", "자극하다"
• Synonym: Provoke, stimulate, instigate
• One sentence explanation: 'Incite' means to encourage, provoke, or stimulate into action, often in a negative context like provoking violence or unlawful behavior.

1. "Expedite" means to make an action or process happen sooner or be accomplished more quickly.

• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "신속히 처리하다", "가속화하다"
• Synonym: Accelerate, hasten, speed up
• One sentence explanation: 'Expedite' means to make something happen faster or more efficiently.

 

# Precipitate

 

Precipitate" in this context is used as a verb that means to cause something to happen suddenly or sooner than expected. It's often used when referring to events or situations, suggesting a triggering or hastening of those events.

• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "촉발하다", "갑작스럽게 일으키다"
• Synonym: Trigger, provoke, hasten
• One sentence explanation: 'Precipitate' means to cause something to happen suddenly or unexpectedly, often an event or situation.

 

# The politician's speech was considered as an incitement to violence.

"Incitement" is a noun that refers to the action of provoking unlawful behavior or urging someone to behave unlawfully. In this context, it means that the politician's speech is viewed as encouraging or promoting violent behavior.

• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "선동", "자극"
• Synonym: Provocation, instigation, stimulation
• One sentence explanation: 'Incitement' means an act of encouraging or provoking unlawful or violent behavior.

 

# Strenuous

 

"Strenuous" is an adjective that describes something that requires significant effort, energy, or exertion. It often refers to tasks or activities that are physically demanding, challenging, or tiring.

• 유사한 한국어 뜻: "격렬한", "힘든"
• Synonym: Arduous, rigorous, taxing
• One sentence explanation: 'Strenuous' means involving or requiring significant physical or mental effort and can be difficult and tiring.

 

# Difference between 'demanding' and 'exacting'

 

"Demanding" and "exacting" are indeed similar in meaning, as both can refer to tasks or situations that require a lot of effort, time, or resources. However, there is a subtle difference between them.

1. "Demanding": This adjective generally describes something that requires a lot of time, energy, or attention. A demanding job might require long hours and high levels of concentration.
2. "Exacting": While this adjective also refers to something that requires much effort or attention, it often implies a need for precision or strict adherence to standards. An exacting task might not only be hard but also require great accuracy and meticulousness.

So while all exacting tasks are demanding (because they require effort), not all demanding tasks are exacting (because they may not require precision).

In Korean:

• "Demanding" could be translated as "요구가 많은", emphasizing the quantity of work or effort needed.
• "Exacting" could be translated as "정밀성을 요하는", emphasizing the need for precision and accuracy.

 

# He found his duties increasingly toilsome.

 

The sentence "He found his duties increasingly toilsome" means that the person began to find his responsibilities or tasks more and more difficult or laborious over time. The word "toilsome" describes something that involves hard or tedious work.

In Korean, this sentence could be translated as: "그는 자신의 의무가 점점 더 힘들게 느껴졌다." Here, "힘들게 느껴졌다" captures the sense of finding something increasingly laborious or toilsome.

 

# The team made an astonishing comback.

 

The sentence "The team made an astonishing comeback" means that the team was able to recover from a disadvantageous position or a poor start in a remarkable or surprising way.

In sports, a "comeback" refers to the situation where a team or player reverses a disadvantageous position and goes on to win or improve their standing significantly. "Astonishing" in this context means very surprising or impressive.

In Korean, this sentence could be translated as: "팀은 놀라운 반전을 보였다." Here, "놀라운 반전을 보였다" captures the sense of making an astonishing comeback.

 

# The battle played a decisive role in ending the war.

 

n the sentence "The battle played a decisive role in ending the war," it means that this particular battle had a significant or determining effect on the conclusion of the war. In Korean, this could be translated as "그 전투는 전쟁을 끝내는데 결정적인 역할을 했다.

 

# What is the exact meaning of 'absolute'

 

In the context you've provided, "absolute" is used as an adjective to describe something that is total, complete, or not limited in any way. It's not about being "qualified" in the sense of having the necessary skills or experience for a job. Instead, it refers to something that isn't diminished, restricted, or moderated.

For example:

1. Absolute power: This means power without any limitations.
2. Absolute truth: This refers to a truth that is true at all times and in all places.

So when you say something is 'absolute', it's typically understood to mean 'in its entirety' or 'without exception'.

In Korean, "absolute" can be translated as "절대적인", which also conveys the idea of something being total or complete without any limitations.

 

# I may have inadvertently misled you.

 

The sentence "I may have inadvertently misled you" means that the speaker might have unintentionally provided incorrect or misleading information to the person they're addressing.

Let's break it down:

1. "I may have": This phrase suggests possibility or uncertainty. The speaker is not sure but thinks that they might have done something.
2. "inadvertently": This adverb means unintentionally, accidentally, or without realizing what one is doing.
3. "misled you": To mislead someone means to cause them to believe something that is not true, usually by providing incorrect or deceptive information.

So all together, the sentence expresses regret or apology for possibly having given wrong information or created a false impression without intending to do so.

In Korean, this could be translated as: "저는 무심코 당신을 잘못 인도했을 수도 있습니다."

 

# Incidentally, have you heard from her lately?

 

The sentence "Incidentally, have you heard from her lately?" is a way of casually or indirectly introducing a new topic into the conversation.

"Incidentally" is an adverb used to change the subject in a conversation, often to something less important. It's similar to saying "by the way".

"Have you heard from her lately?" is asking if the person being addressed has received any recent communication (like a call, text, email, etc.) from 'her', who presumably is someone both parties are familiar with.

So all together, this sentence could be interpreted as: "By the way, have you had any recent contact with her?"

In Korean, this could be translated as: "그런데 우연히 그녀로부터 최근에 연락 받았나요?"

 

# This device converted thermal energy into mechanical power by heating water in a  bolier, channeling the resulting steam into a cylindrical chamber equipped with a piston, and then generating atmospheric pressure at intervals to move the piston up and down.

1. In the given context:
   • "Cylindrical" refers to a shape that is round and has the same diameter throughout its length. It describes an object or space that has the form of a cylinder, which is a geometric shape with circular bases and straight sides.
   • "Chamber" refers to an enclosed space or compartment within a device or structure. In this context, it specifically refers to the space where steam is directed after being channeled from the boiler.
2. The term "atmospheric" in this context refers to pressure related to the Earth's atmosphere. It means generating pressure that is equivalent to or mimics atmospheric pressure, which is typically around 101.3 kilopascals (kPa) at sea level under standard conditions.

The nuance of "atmospheric" in this sentence implies that the device uses alternating pressure intervals that simulate atmospheric conditions to move the piston up and down efficiently.

In Korean:

1. "Cylindrical" can be translated as "원통형의" or "실린더 모양의."
2. "Atmospheric" can be translated as "대기의" or "기압과 관련된."

The phrase "~ at intervals to move the piston up and down" means that something is happening periodically or repeatedly in order to cause the piston to move in an upward and downward motion.

 

Let's break it down:

1. "At intervals": This means at regular or specific time intervals. It indicates that the action described happens repeatedly with breaks or pauses in between.
2. "To move the piston up and down": This explains the purpose of the action mentioned earlier. The repeated action, which could be generating atmospheric pressure or another related process, is performed with the intention of causing the piston to move in an upward and downward motion.

In summary, this phrase suggests that there is a cyclical process occurring intermittently to create a back-and-forth motion of the piston.

In Korean: "~ 간격으로 피스톤을 위아래로 움직이기 위해"

 

+ Q: How pistons are moved by  'atmospheric pressure?'

The concept of using atmospheric pressure to move a piston is indeed possible and has been used in some types of steam engines, particularly the early designs. The process works as follows:

1. In a boiler, water is heated to create steam.
2. This steam is then directed into a cylinder, where it pushes against a piston.
3. After the steam has filled the cylinder and pushed the piston as far as it can go, the steam inlet is closed off.
4. The cylinder is then cooled (either passively or actively), causing the steam inside to condense into water.
5. This creates a vacuum within the cylinder because there are fewer gas particles inside than before (since they've condensed into liquid form).
6. The pressure outside of the cylinder (atmospheric pressure) is now greater than inside, so this external pressure pushes on the piston and moves it back down.

This cycle can be repeated over and over again to continuously convert thermal energy into mechanical work.

However, most modern engines use high-pressure steam or gas directly to push pistons rather than relying on atmospheric pressure.

So your understanding was correct - atmospheric pressure can indeed be used in this way!

 

# These factories which were initially built on the outskirts of the towns eventually expanded in to the city.

 

The term "outskirts" refers to the areas that form the outer parts of a town, city, or urban area. These are typically less densely populated and developed than the central parts of the city. They often have more open space and may include residential areas, undeveloped land, or industrial zones.

In some contexts, "outskirts" can also imply a distance from cultural or social centers of a city, not just physical distance.

So in your sentence: "These factories which were initially built on the outskirts of the towns eventually expanded into the city", it means that factories were first established in these peripheral areas away from the main urban center but later grew to be part of the urban landscape as cities expanded.

In Korean, "outskirts" can be translated as "외곽" or "교외".

 

 

# literacy

 

1. Literacy:
   • One sentence explanation: Literacy is the ability to read, write, interpret, create, communicate and compute using printed and written materials.
   • Connotation/Formal Level: Neutral connotation; used in both formal and informal contexts.
   • Example sentence: "Improving literacy rates is key for economic development."

 

# These new machines, however, could churn out milions of pages in a single day.

 

The phrase "churn out" is an informal term that means to produce something in large quantities, often quickly and routinely. It's often used when referring to mass production or the output of a factory or machine.

 

 

So, in your sentence "These new machines, however, could churn out millions of pages in a single day", it means that these new machines have the capability to produce millions of pages within one day.

In Korean, "churn out" can be translated as "대량으로 생산하다".

 

= produce, generate, manufacture, pump out, crank out, turn out, mass-produce

 

# Developers began to explore ways to evolve steam-driven centralized factory architecture into a more decentralized system, so that little motors could power factory devices in the hands of each and every worker.

 

In the sentence you provided, ", so that" is used as a conjunction to express purpose or result. It's connecting two clauses: the action (developers exploring ways to evolve factory architecture) and the intended outcome of that action (enabling little motors to power factory devices in the hands of workers).

 

Here are some additional examples:

1. "She studied hard, so that she could pass her exams." Here, "so that" indicates the purpose of studying hard - which is to pass exams.
2. "He saved money for years, so that he could buy his own house." In this case, "so that" shows why he was saving money - to buy a house.
3. "I woke up early, so that I wouldn't miss the sunrise." This sentence uses "so that" to explain why I woke up early - not wanting to miss the sunrise.

In Korean ", so that" can be translated as "~하기 위해서", "~하여", or "~해서". The choice depends on what fits best with your specific sentence structure and context.

 

# macrocosmic trailblazing

 

The term "macrocosmic trailblazing" isn't a common phrase, but we can break it down into its two components to understand it:

1. "Macrocosmic" refers to something that is very large or universal in scope. It comes from the word "macrocosm," which means the whole of a complex structure, especially the world or universe, contrasted with a small or representative part of it.
2. "Trailblazing" refers to pioneering or innovating in some field. A trailblazer is someone who makes a new track through wild country, metaphorically this could be someone who pioneers new ideas, methods, etc.

So "macrocosmic trailblazing" would likely refer to pioneering or innovating on a very large scale - possibly at the level of society as a whole or even globally.

To paraphrase this term into simpler language: you might say something like "big-scale pioneering", "large-scale innovation", or even just broadly "making big changes". The best choice would depend on your specific context.

 

# ascension

 

1. Ascension:
   • One sentence explanation: Ascension refers to the act of rising to an important position or a higher level.
   • Connotation/Formal Level: Neutral connotation; used in both formal and informal contexts.
   • Example sentence: "After years of hard work, she finally achieved her ascension to the role of CEO."

The term is also commonly associated with religious contexts, particularly in Christianity where "the Ascension" refers to the event where Jesus Christ was believed to have been taken up into heaven.

 

# incoporate

1. Incorporate:
   • One sentence explanation: Incorporate means to include or contain something as part of a whole.
   • Connotation/Formal Level: Neutral connotation; used in both formal and informal contexts.
   • Example sentence: "The new curriculum incorporates the latest research in language learning."
   • synonym = lnclude, integrate, embed, combine, merge, absorb, assimilate

Incorporate is also commonly used in business law to refer to the process of legally declaring a business entity as a corporation.

# topography

 

1. Topography:
   • One sentence explanation: Topography is the study of the shape and features of land surfaces.
   • Connotation/Formal Level: Neutral connotation; used in both formal and informal contexts related to geography or planning.
   • Example sentence: "The topography of the area is marked by rolling hills and fertile valleys.
   • synonyms = terrain, landscape, geography, relief, contour, landform

# emphasis

 

Emphasis refers to special importance, value, or prominence given to something. It can also refer to stress given to a word or words when speaking to indicate particular importance.

 

 

Here's a breakdown:

1. Emphasis:
   • One sentence explanation: Emphasis is the special attention or importance assigned to something, or the stress placed on a word or phrase during speech.
   • Connotation/Formal Level: Neutral connotation; used in both formal and informal contexts.
   • Example sentence: "She put special emphasis on the need for prompt action."

In visual arts and design, emphasis involves making certain elements stand out in order to draw attention and create contrast. In writing, it could be through the use of bold, italicized, underlined text or punctuation marks like exclamation points. In speech it could be through variations in tone, volume or pitch.

 

# Is 'availability of books' the same as 'dispersion of books?'

 

No, "availability of books" and "dispersion of books" are not the same.

1. The "availability of books" refers to whether books are accessible or obtainable. For instance, if a library has a certain book in its collection, that book is available there.
2. The "dispersion of books", on the other hand, refers to how widely or evenly distributed the books are across a certain area or among a certain population. For example, if every school in a country has an equal number of textbooks for its students, we could say that there is an even dispersion of textbooks across schools.

So while both terms relate to how we access and distribute books, they emphasize different aspects: availability focuses on accessibility/obtainability while dispersion focuses on distribution/spread.